According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder- (ADHD) is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders in children. Neurodevelopmental has to do with the brain’s ability to create and grow neurological pathways that influence social, emotional, and cognitive functioning. ADHD disrupts the brain’s usual functioning as a result of inattention, hyperactivity, or impulsivity.
ADHD is often first diagnosed during childhood and usually continues through adulthood for most individuals. Originally, the terms Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) and ADHD were used to differentiate an inattentive presentation (ADD) from a hyperactivity-impulsive presentation (ADHD). Today, ADHD is the general term with three subtypes:
Predominantly Inattentive Presentation– The child has trouble with organization, prioritizing, and finishing tasks. They also frequently daydream and have difficulty paying attention to details and following instructions. In addition, the child struggles to remain present during conversations and remember details of their daily routines.
Inattentiveness is typically seen in girls who are usually underdiagnosed. For example, girls with ADHD might appear distracted, “living in their head,” or forgetful. As a result, the adults around these girls miss the connection between the behaviors and symptoms associated with the observed challenges, especially in the absence of hyperactive or disruptive behavior seen most times in boys.
Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive Presentation– Hpyeractive-Impulsive child is typically observed as fidgety, talks excessively, and has difficulty remaining seated or still for more than a few minutes. These children are like “little motors.,” always on the go. Often the behaviors are apparent during quiet time at school, mealtimes at home, or when completing homework. Younger children often run, constantly jumping, climbing, or have difficulty slowing down or stopping. In addition, the child may impulsively interrupt others’ conversations, grab or take things that don’t belong to them. Additionally, the young person may struggle with listening to and following directions, taking turns, and blurting out answers or comments at inappropriate times.
Combined Presentation– Includes symptoms from the above-described subtypes and are equally present.